Alcohol’s Effect on the Central Nervous System
![Reframe App Logo](https://cdn.prod.website-files.com/60d10433104bca13abce2c13/6524611f0bc6ca7db5aea21b_logo.webp)
Slurred speech. Stumbling steps. Embarrassing ourselves in public. Everyone knows what happens when someone has a few too many drinks. But have you ever wondered what really goes on in your brain when you drink? If so, buckle up for a Magic School Bus-style ride into our central nervous system.
We will learn all about our central nervous system, how alcohol impacts it, and ways we can set ourselves up for a healthy brain!
The central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for coordinating and processing sensory information, initiating voluntary and involuntary movements, and regulating body functions. It is made up of our brain and spinal cord, which each have distinct and vital functions.
Our brain is our command center and controls all of our body's actions and activities. The brain is made up of neurons or the cells in our brain that facilitate communication and allow us to do everything from thinking and perceiving to sensing and breathing.
Our spinal cord is a cylinder structure that runs from the brainstem to our lower back through our vertebral column (spine). Without the spine or bone protecting the spinal cord, it is very delicate as it contains bundles of nerve fibers. These nerves carry messages to and from our brain to the rest of our body or the peripheral nervous system. The spinal cord also facilitates reflex actions, which are rapid responses to stimuli that bypass the brain for quicker reactions.
Neurotransmitters are chemicals in our CNS that neurons use to communicate with each other. In our CNS, there are tiny gaps between our neurons called synapses. Essentially, neurotransmitters carry messages in the synapse from one neuron to another. Once in the synapse, neurotransmitters find their way to proteins on other neurons called receptors, which they bind to and trigger changes in the receiving cell.
The main neurotransmitters include glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), serotonin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine.
Through the brain, spinal cord, and neurotransmitters, our CNS controls and coordinates all of our body functions and ensures we survive or adapt to our environment.
Alcohol is a depressant, meaning it slows down the CNS. As we learned above, alcohol affects almost all of our neurotransmitters, but alcohol’s depressing effects come from the increase in GABA. Let’s break down a little more about how alcohol can impact our brain and spinal cord.
Alcohol can impact our brain in many ways, mostly by slowing it down. In our brain, alcohol changes our neurotransmitters, which then change the way we act. Additionally, long-term alcohol use can make more permanent changes, such as altering our brain receptors and shifting some of our brain structures (more on that later!).
It’s not discussed as often, but alcohol can also impact our spinal cord in several ways:
Alcohol consumption can have a range of negative effects on spinal cord function, from acute impairment of motor skills to long-term damage and increased risk of injury.
Every movement we make requires many neurons and neurotransmitters. Taking a single step, for example, requires dopamine, acetylcholine, glutamate, and GABA. Together, these neurotransmitters signal between neurons to help us move. As alcohol can impact all of these neurotransmitters, we can see how intoxication disrupts our movement and coordination.
Because each neurotransmitter plays a different role, each one is impacted differently by alcohol:
Not only does it take multiple neurotransmitters to complete an action, but our neurotransmitters also rely on each other to maintain safe levels. For instance, GABA helps regulate how much glutamate is in our system because too much glutamate can be harmful to our neurons. This is known as the homeostasis of our neurotransmitter system. Alcohol interferes with this delicate balance, both in the short term and long term.
Long-term alcohol use can impact the CNS in many ways. Let’s review some of the most profound ways alcohol can make long-term changes to our CNS:
The changes in our neurotransmitters and brain structures contribute to the behavioral alterations with long-term alcohol use. These changes in the CNS make the cycle of alcohol misuse hard to break.
Alcohol use can disrupt our CNS. The good news: there are ways we can help nourish our CNS! Let’s go through some strategies for promoting a healthy CNS:
Taking care of your brain is essential to CNS and overall health. The better you take care of your CNS, the better it will take care of you.
Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. Alcohol changes our brain chemistry and structure, which causes behavior changes, both short term and long term. When we cut back or quit alcohol, our brain will start to recover from the long-term effects of alcohol.
Although it isn’t a treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD), the Reframe app can help you cut back on drinking gradually with the science-backed knowledge to empower you 100% of the way. Our proven program has helped millions of people around the world drink less and live more. And we want to help you get there, too!
The Reframe app equips you with the knowledge and skills you need to not only survive drinking less, but to thrive while you navigate the journey. Our daily research-backed readings teach you the neuroscience of alcohol, and our in-app Toolkit provides the resources and activities you need to navigate each challenge.
You’ll meet millions of fellow Reframers in our 24/7 forum and daily Zoom check-in meetings. Receive encouragement from people worldwide who know exactly what you’re going through! You’ll also have the opportunity to connect with our licensed Reframe coaches for more personalized guidance.
Plus, we’re always introducing new features to optimize your in-app experience. We recently launched our in-app chatbot, Melody, powered by the world’s most powerful AI technology. Melody is here to help as you adjust to a life with less (or no) alcohol.
And that’s not all! Every month, we launch fun challenges, like Dry/Damp January, Mental Health May, and Outdoorsy June. You won’t want to miss out on the chance to participate alongside fellow Reframers (or solo if that’s more your thing!).
The Reframe app is free for 7 days, so you don’t have anything to lose by trying it. Are you ready to feel empowered and discover life beyond alcohol? Then download our app through the App Store or Google Play today!
Reframe supports you in reducing alcohol consumption and enhancing your well-being.